Annals of the MBC - vol. 4 - n' I -
March 1991
DEATH PROBABILITY
EVALUATION IN CRITICALLY BURNED PATIENTS WITH A MULTIVARIANT ADJUSTMENT
Herruzo Cabrera R., Gil Miguel A., Garcia Torres J., Rey
Calero J., Mayer Fournaraki R.F.
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Department, Medicine
Faculty, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
SUMMARY. 193 critically
burned patients (over 25% damaged body surface or affected by electric mechanisms) under
treatment in the Burned Patients Unit of La Paz Hospital from 1985 to 1987 were examined
and their death probability was calculated through a logistic regression model, which
included their clinical characteristics (age, burned body surface, inhalation syndrome,
delayed eschar debridement, previous pathology, etc.). All variables were included in the
Logress program, which establishes a model with the principal predictive value of death.
The model was evaluated through a Characteristics Operating Curve, where the optimum cut
point was located at a 55% theoretical probability of death, with a sensitivity of 82%, a
specificity of 82%, and Positive Predictive Value of 60.6%. The Negative Predictive Value
was 93%, and the Likelihood Ratio 4.5.
Introduction
The bum patient is the prototype of an immunodepressed patient, especially during the
first days after the accident, presenting a high risk of infection and death (1, 2, 3).
These risks are described in connection with two principal factors, which are the extent
and the depth of the bums (1, 2, 4, 5, 6). However, when only patients with a greatly
extended burned surface are examined ( ~! 2 5% body surface) or those affected by a
special burning mechanism (electricity) including the so-called critically burned
patients, there are other factors which may also affect the outcome. These. factors
include previous pathology, inhalation syndrome, and the handling occurring while in the
Bum Unit, as we have mentioned in a previous descriptive study published in this journal
(7). In this study we intend to establish a predictive model concerning the probability of
death in critical bum patients, using the significant risk and protective factors (RF, PF)
and to investigate their relative effect on the death risk of the patient.
Materials and methods
A study was made of 193 critically burned patients in the Burned Patients Unit of La Paz
Hospital during the years 1985-1987. For this purpose a special epidemiological card was
developed including the essential data. The following information was included: age, sex,
extent of bum, type of bum, the interval between the bum and treatment, time of eschar
debridement, type of debridement, inhalation syndrome, previous pathology, complications,
death and its cause.
The statistical analysis was carried out in two stages: a univariable analysis which
selected those significant variables that were' then included in a logistic model; and the
selection of variables through a backward stepwise procedure (8). All the variables were
dichotomized, taking 2 values of 0 and I except in the case of the age and body surface
which were qualified in four values. By this manner the 14 variables used in the first
stage were augmented to 35 in a later classification (Tab. 1).
Results
Of the 35 variables, only 6 were statistically significant, 5 of them as risk factors and
one as a protection factor. The risk factors were age, electric bum, extent of bum,
inhalation syndrome and previous pathology. The protection factor was the time of the
eschar debridement (Tab. 2).
We can calculate the probability of death through the equation or, following an easier
way, through a conversion of products "coefficient x categories" (from each
variable) into "weights" (9), as we can see in Tab. 3, obtaining a sum of these
weights + the constant of the equation, and finally, transforming this value (total sum)
into a probability through the conversion table (Tab. 4).
Example: a patient (F.M.P.) was admitted to the Burned Patients Unit, presenting with the
following clinical characteristics:
- Age 43 y. (value = 0.42, see Tab. 3)
- Body surface burned 75% (value = 5.12, see Tab, 3) ,
- Previous pathology YES (value = 1.72, see Tab. 3)
- Inhalation Syndrome YES (value = 2.5, see Tab. 3)
- Burning mechanism Others (value = 0, see Tab. 3) 0
Debridement < 8 d. (value = 0, see Tab. 3) g) Constant (value = - 5.37, see Tab. 3)
Tab. 1 Relation of the studied variables
- Age (0--16-35, 1=:515, 2=36-55, 3=56-70, 4= >70 Years)
- Sex (0--Male, I=Female)
- Body burned surface (0_-;SI0%, 1=1-30%, 2=31-50%, 3=51-70%,
4=>70%)
- Burning mechanism (0--Scald, I=Electric)
- I=Flame)
- I=Explosives)
- 1---Chemicals)
- I=Low fire)
- First day of eschar debridement (0-- ~-- 3, 1---4-7)
- (0-5 3, 1=8-15)
- (0-z3, 1=>15)
- Type of eschar debridement (0--Tangential, I=Fascial)
- (0--Tangential, I=Mixed)
- Day of eschar debridement (0--z~7, 1=8-15)
- (0--;57, 1=16-25)
- (0-- --s
7, 1 = > 2 5)
- Inhalation syndrome (0--No, I=Yes)
- Day of mechanic ventilation (0_-:i7, 1=8-15)
- (0-7, 1=16-25)
- (0--~ 7, 1 = > 2 5)
- Previous pathology (0--No, I=Yes)
- Complications of the bum (0--None, I=Sepsis)
- (0--None, I=Local infection)
- (0--None, 1=lkeSpiratory infection)
- (0--None, 1---Cardiopathy)
- (0--None, I=Respiratory distress)
- (0--None, 1---Others)
- Day of complete recovering (0, 1=1 1-20)
- (0-~ 10, 1=21-30)
- (0-510, 1= >30)
- Death (0--No, I=Yes)
- Cause of death (0--Others, I=Sepsis)
- (0--Others, 1=Respiratory distress)
- (0--Others, 1--Cardiopathy)
- (0--Others, I=Metabolic distress)
This calculation can be easily made with a
manual calculator or better with an electronic spreadsheet in a PC. We previously
elaborated a number of calculations which represent the weights of the categories of the
model variables (Tab. 3). Then we added them together in different examples and calculated
the expected probability of death for a range of sums of the weights (Tab. 4).
In our example, the sum of weights for the patient is 3.9 and according to Tab. 4 the
expected probability of death is 98%. We suggest that physicians in Bum Units carry Tab. 4
with them in order to facilitate the calculation of death probability in clinical
practice.
Finally, concerning the probability results for each patient, we can estimate the internal
validity of this equation, as a simple test in critical bum patients. For this we
elaborate the ROC for these patients (10 ' 11, 12) obtaining the optimum point where the
predictive values and the LR (likelihood radio) of the equation are at their maximum.
The internal validation of our equation indicates an optimum point of the equation in the
probability of death of 55% having a sensitivity of 82%, a specificity of 82% with a
positive predictive value of 60.6%, and a negative predictive value of 92.9%. The
percentage of concordance (in well-classified subjects) was 81.9%, with an LR of 4.5 (p
< 0.05).
Discussion
Independent
Variable: |
Coefficient |
Std. Error |
"Z" |
age (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) |
0.21 |
0.18 |
1,13 |
Mechanical Burn (0=scald,
l=electric) |
0.90 |
0.44 |
2,05 |
Eschar debridement 1 (0= -,:z 7 or
~> ~ 2 5, 1 =8 -2 5) |
-1.5 |
0.40 |
-3.74 |
Inhalation S. (0=no, l=yes) |
2.49 |
0.51 |
4.9 |
P. Pathology (0=no, l=yes) |
1.72 |
0.54 |
3.17 |
Surface Body Burn (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) |
1.28 |
0.27 |
4.78 |
Constant |
-5.37 |
0.86 |
-6.20 |
Independent
Variat: |
Odds ratio |
Lower Limit |
Upper Limit |
age (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) |
1.23 |
0.85 |
1.78 |
Mechanical Burn (0=scald,
l=electric) |
2.48 |
IM |
5.91 |
Eschar debridement (0= :~ 7 or
~> 2 5, 1 =8 -2 5) |
0.22 |
0,10 |
0.48 |
Inhalation S. (0=no, l=yes) |
12.14 |
4.46 |
33.01 |
P. Pathology (0=no, l=yes) |
5.58 |
1.92 |
16.21 |
Surface Body Burned (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) |
3.63 |
2.13 |
6.16 |
|
Tab. 2
Regression coefficients of the significant variables and their standard error, Z value and
the odds ratio with their confidence limits |
|
Dependent Variable: death (0=no, l=yes)1
Deatliprob =
------------------------------------------------------------- = 98%
l+e - (aO +0.2 XI -~ 0-9 X2 + 2.5 X3 + 1.7
X4 + 1.3 x5 ~ 1.5 X6)
aO = - 5,3
XI = Age
x2 = Bum mechanism
x3 = Inhalation syndrome
x4 = Previous pathology
x5 = Bum-body surface
x6 = Eschar Debridement time
Moreover logistic regression permits us to
make the predictive model and direct calculation of the odds ratio for each independent
variable (controlling the effect of the others) and is thus more useful from the
epidemiological point of view (13, 14, 15, 16, 17) to evaluate the effect of each factor
and its consideration as RF or PF. In our case we have 5 well defined RF and I PF.
Of these 5 RF, the best known were age and the extent of burned body surface (1, 2, 4, 5,
6). Other authors, such as Zawacki (16), also include previous pathology and the
inhalation syndrome. To these we added a significant RF and the type of bum ending with a
PF at the time of scar debridement.
On the other hand, due to the complexity that clinicians may find in the application of
our formulas, we have transformed them into a simple sum of distinct factors. This value
can be converted into a probability through the conversion table (9, 17).
Finally, as an internal method of validation, we insist that the point of greatest value
in the global equation, considering this as the only test performed, is a ~! 55%
probability of death, while the LR and the concordance percentage (in well-classified
subjects) are maximum. However, this point (mathematically established by the bisector
between sensitivity and the complementary specificity)_ may be modified by the clinician's
criteria, according to what he is trying to establish. If he wants to establish who will
die at the expense of losing specificity and increasing the false positives, the threshold
will be less than 55%. On the contrary, if he wants to know who will not die, considering
the loss of sensitivity and the increase in the number of false negatives, the threshold
will be bigger than that established (55%).
RESUME Les Auteurs ont
kudié 193 patients critiquement bi-é1és (bridures touchant 25% de la surface corporelle
ou causées par 1'é1ectricité), hospitalisés chez I'Unité de Br~1és de I'Hépital La
Paz dans la période 1985-87. Ils ont calcuk la probabilité de mort de ces patients avec
un modéle de régression logique qui incluait leurs charactéristiques cliniques (dge,
surface corporelle brfflée, syndrome d'inhalation, débridement retardé de Pescarre,
pathologie précédente, etc.). Toutes les variables ont été inclues dans le programme
Logress, qui établit un mo&le avec la valeur prédictive principale de la mort. Les
résultats de la recherche sont reportés.
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