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Volume XXVIII |
Number 2 |
June 2015 |
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Summaries
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ÉPIDÉMIOLOGIE DESCRIPTIVE DE LA BRÛLURE DANS UN TERRITOIRE DE SANTÉ EXEMPLE DU « TERRITOIRE NORD FRANCHE-COMTÉ » DURANT L'ANNÉE 2014
(Fortin J.L., Bitar M.P., Marx T., Macher J.M., Desmettre T., Ravat F., Labourey J.M., Capellier G.)
Cette étude est une analyse épidémiologique rétrospective du recours aux services de santé du nord de la Franche-Comté en raison d'une brûlure durant l'année 2014 (114 patients). L'âge moyen était de 26 ans (8 mois-81 ans), 1/3 des brûlures ont touché des enfants de moins de 15 ans. Les brûlures, plus fréquentes l'été, surviennent principalement autour de l'heure des repas, les jours « sans école », à domicile, avec un liquide chaud. Elles sont peu étendues (4,81% de la SCT) et souvent superficielles. Elles nécessitent un passage dans un Service d'Accueil des Urgences dans 88,59% des cas, suivi d'un transfert en CTB (Lyon plus que Nancy ou Metz) dans 12,28% des cas.
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| 88 |
DEVELOPMENT OF AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY FOR THE PREVENTION OF BURNS IN CHILDREN: THE PRIUS PROJECT
(Cedri S., Briguglio E., Cinzia Cedri C., Masellis A., Crenca A., Pitidis A.)
This study has developed a learning kit for the prevention of domestic burns in childhood. The main objective was to trial an educational package for children (nursery and primary classes), for the prevention of burns, to be implemented through education in schools. The educational kit comprises posters, information leaflets, comic books, and pre and post education evaluation materials for school children, parents and teachers. Recipients of the preliminary study were the students of nine schools in the eight Italian cities where Burn Centers are located. In order to reach the target groups of children, it was necessary to identify the most effective communication strategy to convey the burn prevention message. For nursery school children, it was not possible to use tools with written texts alone, as they were not yet literate. Moreover, even for older children, it was necessary to find an attractive tool to catch their attention and interest, promoting the understanding and memorization of lessons learned. The most suitable means was found to be comic strips, allowing the messages to be conveyed through images as well as words. A total of 370 children (195 from nurseries and 175 from primary schools) participated in the trial of the educational kit. Overall, for every environment represented in the evaluation table, the ability to recognize the dangers among both the pre-school and primary school children increased significantly after the training activity. In conclusion, the educational kit has been positively assessed.
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| 94 |
L'INFECTION BACTÉRIENNE CHEZ LE PATIENT BRÛLÉ
(Le Floch R., Naux E., Arnould J.F.)
La mort d'un patient brûlé est le plus souvent causée par une infection, bactérienne dans la grande majorité des cas. La perte de la barrière cutanée, les dispositifs invasifs et l'immunodépression liée à la brûlure sont trois mécanismes concourant à la survenue de ces infections. Chez un patient inflammatoire, les signes infectieux généraux d'infection sont peu discriminants. Du fait de la gravité des infections chez ce patient, leur prévention est un paramètre essentiel de la prise en charge. En raison des particularités pharmacocinétiques des brûlés, les posologies d'antibiotiques doivent être adaptés et les dosages sanguins doivent être systématiques. A l'heure où les résistances deviennent préoccupantes, les recherches sur les thérapeutiques sur les alternatives thérapeutiques parmi lesquels les inhibiteurs de facteurs de virulence, les peptides antimicrobiens, les polyphénols, l'immunothérapie.) deviennent cruciales. L'une des possibilités thérapeutiques les plus prometteuses semble être la phagothérapie.
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| 105 |
PROGRESS IN BURNS RESEARCH: A REVIEW OF ADVANCES IN BURN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
(Jewo P.I., Fadeyibi I.O.)
Severe burns trigger a wide range of responses in the victim. Initial vascular changes are followed by hypermetabolic, inflammatory and immunologic changes. The prolonged hypermetabolic response is associated with an elevated resting rate of energy consumption, tissue wasting and altered substrate kinetics. There is increased blood glucose though insulin levels are above normal. The cortisol level is raised and, together with catecholamine, drives the metabolic response. The immune system is typically weakened. There is elevation in blood levels of a wide range of cytokines from activated cells. These agents drive a prolonged inflammatory response which can lead to tissue damage and multiple organ failure. Dynamic fluid resuscitation regimens have cut down mortality from shock in the early post-burn period. However, unbalanced activity of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines can leave patients in an immuno-suppressed state that affects outcomes. So far, many treatments, such as propranolol, a cardio-protector, and anabolic agents, such as oxandrolone and growth hormone, have been tried with mixed results. This review focuses on research that elucidated burn pathophysiology. Some clinical areas in which treatment centred on correcting altered physiology were also included. We have highlighted both the challenges and significant findings. Finally, this paper draws attention to the gaps between progress in basic research and clinical application and suggests areas where further research and funding could be focused.
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| 116 |
PROCALCITONIN: A DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKER OF SEPSIS IN BURNED PATIENTS
(Mokline A., Garsallah L., Rahmani I., Jerbi K., Oueslati H., Tlaili S., Hammouda R., Gasri B., Messadi A.A.)
The goal of this study was to analyse plasma procalcitonin (PCT) concentrations during infectious events of burns in ICU. We conducted a prospective, observational study in a 20-bed Burn Intensive Care Unit in Tunisia. A total of 121 patients admitted to the Burn ICU were included in our study. Serum PCT was measured over the entire course of stay in patients with predictive signs of sepsis according to the Americain Burn Association Criteria for the presence of infection. Patients were assigned to two groups depending on the clinical course and outcome: Group A = non septic patients; Group B = septic patients. A PCT cutoff value of 0,69 ng/ml for sepsis prediction was associated with the optimal combination of sensitivity (89%), specificity (85%), positive predictive value (82%) and negative predictive value (88%). Serum procalcitonin levels can be used as an early indicator of septic complication in patients with severe burn injuries as well as in monitoring the response to antimicrobial therapy.
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| 121 |
TREATMENT OF NASAL BURNS: ANALYSIS OF 150 CASES
(Prousskaia E., El-Muttardi N., Philp B., Dziewulski P., Shelley O.P.)
Nasal burns present a challenge for the plastic surgeon in terms of immediate management, choice of primary treatment and secondary reconstruction with the goals of good aesthetic and functional outcome. We present a retrospective analysis of the management of 150 patients with nasal burns treated in our center between July 2005 and July 2011. We rationalized our conservative and all surgical treatments of this subset of burns patients and organized them in a simple and structured way. The reconstructive options for most complex full thickness nasal injury is determined by the integrity of adjacent facial tissues which would always be preferred when available. Microsurgical free tissue transfer is dependent upon the fitness of the patient and the availability of unburned skin at the donor site. Secondary nasal reconstruction is based on an assessment of the residual functional and cosmetic problems. Airways narrowing from scar contracture or loss of support are managed using standard plastic surgical and rhinoplasty principles. Cosmetic refinements range from flap debulking to the importation of new tissue on to the nose. Our experience with this challenging group of patients has led us to develop a simple treatment algorithm for the management of nasal burns.
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| 128 |
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PNEUMONIA IN A BURN CARE UNIT: THE INFLUENCE OF INHALATION TRAUMA ON PNEUMONIA AND OF PNEUMONIA ON BURN MORTALITY
(Liodaki E., Kalousis K., Mauss K.L., Kisch T., Mailaender P., Stang F.)
The aim of this study is to determine the epidemiological characteristics of burn patients developing pneumonia, as well as the predisposing factors and the mortality of these patients. Infectious complications present serious problems in severely burned patients. Pneumonia, in particular, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in burn patients. Patients with inhalation injuries are exposed to a greater risk due to the possible development of infectious complications in the lower respiratory tract. During their stay in our Burn Care Unit, 22.9% of our burn patients developed pneumonia and 10.9 % of these patients died. Risk factors for the development of pneumonia in burn patients were found to be inhalation trauma, high ABSI score, the Baux and modified Baux index, and high ASA score (p<0.01). Age and gender showed no significant correlation to the incidence of pneumonia. In this study we were able to determine the incidence of pneumonia in burn patients, their mortality and the strong correlation of the presence of inhalation injury with the development of pneumonia.
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| 134 |
TOPICAL USE OF RECTOGESIC® AND EMLA® TO IMPROVE CUTANEOUS BLOOD PERFUSION FOLLOWING THERMAL INJURY. A COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
(Tagkalakis P., Dionyssopoulos A., Karkavelas G., Demiri E.)
Early post-burn ischemic necrosis of the skin is of particular interest in modern burn research. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that blood perfusion could be improved by the topical application of vasoactive substances. A sample of 55 wistar rats was used to investigate the effect of 0,4% nitroglycerin ointment (Rectogesic®) comparatively to no application and placebo. The beneficiary action of 5% prilocaine/lidocaine cream (EMLA®) in burn blood perfusion was also tested comparatively to Rectogesic®. Both preparations were tested respectively to non burned controls. Laser Doppler assessment of blood flow at 15, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after preparation application, demonstrated that the use of Rectogesic® improved perfusion at all measurements compared to placebo and to no preparation application (p<0,05). There was no statistical significant difference in the effect of the two preparations.
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| 142 |
BRÛLURE CHEZ L'ÉPILEPTIQUE : BRÛLURE PAS COMME LES AUTRES
(Boukind S., Elatiqi O.K., Dlimi M., Elamrani D., Benchamkha Y., Ettalbi S.)
L'association brûlure et épilepsie est une constatation fréquente au Maroc. Ces brûlures, souvent itératives, touchent le plus souvent des femmes jeunes de milieu rural. L'accident survient habituellement au domicile, le plus souvent dans la cuisine à la suite d'une chute sur un moyen de cuisson posé au sol. Elles peuvent être inaugurales de la maladie mais surviennent plus souvent chez des patients connus mais au traitement mal suivi. Les conséquences de ces brûlures, toujours profondes, sont souvent dramatiques en termes de séquelles, chez des patients ayant déjà une insertion sociale rendue difficile par l'épilepsie. La prise en charge doit être multidisciplinaire et concerner à la fois la brûlures et l'épilepsie. Des mesures de prévention simples, visant à équilibrer l'épilepsie et éviter au patient de se trouver seul à proximité d'une source de chaleur, doivent être mises en place.
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| 147 |
SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR BY BURNS AMONG WOMEN IN TWO BORDERING PROVINCES IN IRAN
(Alaghehbandan R., Dinn N.A., Rastegar Lari E., Rastegar Lari A.)
The objective of the study was to describe epidemiologic features of suicidal behavior by burns among women in two bordering provinces in Iran. A prospective hospital-based study of all suicidal behaviors by burns among women was carried out in the Iranian provinces of Khorasan (which borders Afghanistan) and Ilam (which borders Iraq) in 2006. These two provinces suffered from war and economic instability with high rates of poverty and unemployment. Data were obtained from patients, family members, and/or significant others through interviews during the course of hospitalization. Of 181 hospitalized patients, 130 (71.8%) were female, representing a hospital separation rate of 5.4 per 100,000 person-year (P-Y). The rate of suicidal behavior involving burns among the rural population was higher than that in the urban population (6.3 vs. 4.7 per 100,000 P-Y, P = 0.09). The median age of the patients was 23 years old, with a mean (±SD) of 27.9 (±14.3) years old. Approximately 68.5% of women were married. Quarrels with "a family member, spouse, a relative, or a friend" (marital plus other conflicts) was identified as the most common precipitating factor (88.5%) in attempting suicide. More than one third of women were abused (physically and/or verbally) by family members (i.e. spouse, father-in-law). Case fatality rate in this study was 52.3% (68/130). Suicide by burns is still a socio-epidemiological problem in Iran, particularly among young, married women in rural areas. Social and economic conditions, as well as violence against women, play a major role in the high rate of suicide by burns. The findings of this study highlight the need for the implementation of a well-organized approach to reduce the rate of suicide by burns among the most vulnerable populations in Iran.
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