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Volume XXVIII |
Number 4 |
December 2015 |
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Summaries
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ÉPIDÉIOLOGIE DES BRÛLURES DE LA MAIN CHEZ LES ENFANTS VUS DANS LE CENTRE NATIONAL DES BRÛLÉS ET DE CHIRURGIE PLASTIQUE DE CASABLANCA, MAROC
(Rafik A., Lahlou M., Diouri M., Bahechar N., Chlihi A.)
Les brûlures de la main chez l'enfant constituent une source de séquelles invalidantes. A cet régard, la conservation et la restauration complète de la fonction de la main demeurent le but primordial de la prise en charge. Afin de répertorier les caractéristiques épidémiologiques, cliniques et évolutives des mains brûlées, nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective étalée sur 4 ans, de janvier 2011 à janvier 2015. Cette étude a permis de colliger les cas de 313 enfants atteints de brûlure de la main vus dans le Centre National des Brulés et de Chirurgie Plastique du CHU Ibn Rochd de Casablanca. La majorité des brûlures touche les enfants de 3 à 6 ans (70% des cas), avec une légère prédominance masculine. La principale cause des brûlures survenant à cet âge est l'ébouillantement. Les brûlures par flamme représentent 33% des cas, celles par électricité 4,5%. Les brûlures chimiques et par contact sont anecdotiques (1 cas chacune). L'accident survient le plus souvent à domicile. Soixante douze pour cent des brûlures ont guéri spontanément. Afin de diminuer l'incidence de ces accidents, une approche préventive faite de sensibilisation et d'éducation devrait faire partie du cursus scolaire.
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| 247 |
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT REPORTS APPLIED TO A PILOT PROJECT FOR THE PREVENTION OF PEDIATRIC BURNS
(Longo E., Masellis M., Fondi G., Cedri C., Debbia C., Pitidis A.)
Accidents and burns are a major problem in Italy and in industrialized countries, due to the consequences they have on health, especially in children aged 0-4 years. In Italy, about 400 people die each year from burns, with over 70% of these occurring in the home. In the European Union, burns are one of the top five causes of death from accidents, accounting for 3% of all deaths from accidents and violence in those age groups. One percent of all deaths in children are due to burns. In this paper, we illustrate the results of qualitative analysis, conducted according to the methodology of content analysis, on narratives included in the anamnesis of clinical papers at the ED in 738 cases of burns in children (0-14 years) observed in a sample of Emergency Departments in the years 2005-2009. The results of content analysis show that the most frequent mechanism that leads to burns is contact with hot liquids and heating surfaces. Much of preventive action should be directed at controlling the child. The accidental event descriptions for the younger age group (0-4 years) reveal an unequivocal responsibility of the parents. The qualitative analysis of narratives was carried out to produce scientific evidence to identify the more frequent and severe burn accidents for specific target/age groups and to establish specific preventive measures. The study of qualitative analysis of burns observed at the ED was introductory to the pilot project PRIUS (Preventing burns among school-aged children). The objective of PRIUS is to increase awareness of the risks of burns in children and adults through a learning path tailored towards their prevention, and the promotion of appropriate standards of personal safe behaviour and first aid actions.
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| 253 |
CHILDHOOD BURNS: AN ANALYSIS OF 124 ADMISSIONS IN THE GAZA STRIP
(Elsous A., Salah M., Ouda M.)
Burns are a serious public health problem among paediatrics. Little is known about the epidemiological profile and outcomes of hospitalized paediatric burns in the Gaza Strip. A cross-sectional retrospective review was conducted of medical records of patients aged 15 years and below, admitted to the Al Alamy burn centre in the Al Shifa Medical Complex from 30 June, 2013 to 01 July, 2014. There were 189 admissions; 124 (65.6%) of them were below 15 years, their mean age ± SD being 4.02 ± 2.85 years. 72 of these cases (58.1%) were males, giving a male to female ratio of 1.6:1. 89.5% of the injuries were accidents and 96% were home-located. Scalds, which were a common cause of burns, represented 83.9% of cases. Mean TBSA was 10.72 ± 8.15%: half of the patients (50.8%) sustained second-degree burns, while 34.7% were a mix of second- and third-degree. Mean length of hospital stay was 10.23 ± 10.60 days. Only two children died during the study period, giving a case fatality rate and total mortality rate of 1.6% and 1.0% respectively. In conclusion, there is a need to focus on home safety and parents' education as a means of reducing childhood burns.
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| 259 |
PRE-BURN CENTRE MANAGEMENT OF THE AIRWAY IN PATIENTS WITH FACE BURNS
(Costa Santos D., Barros F., Frazão M., Maia M.)
Face burns expose patients to a higher respiratory risk, and early prophylactic intubation before they enter the burn unit might be life-saving. However, unnecessary intubation may compromise their clinical evolution. Hence, the decision to perform pre-burn centre endotracheal intubation remains a clinical challenge. A retrospective study was developed to characterize the experience of the tertiary burn unit of the Hospital da Prelada with face burn patients arriving endotracheally-intubated between January 2009 and September 2013. Specific goals included assessment of whether these intubations were clinically appropriate and if these procedures determined significant changes in clinical course and outcome. A total of 136 patients were admitted to our burn centre with facial burns. 38.2% (n=52) of them arrived endotracheally-intubated, with 75% (n=39) intubated at the scene of the burn injury and 25% (n=13) in the emergency room because of the suspicion of smoke inhalation injury. In only 23% of the cases (n=12) was the lesion confirmed by bronchoscopy. The overall mortality rate was 12.5% (n=17): 3.6% (n=3) were patients who had not been subjected to pre-burn centre intubation, and 27% (n=14) were in the group of patients arriving intubated. A face burn is a warning sign of a possible upper airway injury, and pre-burn centre prophylactic intubation might be life-saving. However, unnecessary intubation may impair clinical evolution. Therefore, it is imperative that updated practice guidelines for pre-burn centre airway management are adhered to, and that these guidelines are subject to revision in order to improve airway management in burn patients.
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| 264 |
MINIMALLY INVASIVE BURN CARE: A REVIEW OF SEVEN CLINICAL STUDIES OF RAPID AND SELECTIVE DEBRIDEMENT USING A BROMELAIN-BASED DEBRIDING ENZYME (NEXOBRID®)
(Rosenberg L., Shoham Y., Krieger Y., Rubin G., Sander F., Koller J., David K., Egosi D., Ahuja R., Singer A.J.)
Current surgical and non-surgical eschar removal-debridement techniques are invasive or ineffective. A bromelainbased rapid and selective enzymatic debriding agent was developed to overcome these disadvantages and compared with the standard of care (SOC). The safety and efficacy of a novel Debriding Gel Dressing (DGD) was determined in patients with deep partial and full thickness burns covering up to 67% total body surface area (TBSA). This review summarizes data from seven studies, four of which were randomized clinical trials that included a SOC or control vehicle. DGD eschar debridement efficacy was >90% in all studies, comparable to the SOC and significantly greater than the control vehicle. The total area excised was less in patients treated with DGD compared with the control vehicle (22.9% vs. 73.2%, P<0.001) or the surgical/non-surgical SOC (50.5%, P=0.006). The incidence of surgical debridement in patients treated with DGD was lower than the SOC (40/163 [24.5%] vs. 119/170 [70.0%], P<0.001). Less autografting was used in all studies. Long-term scar quality and function were similar in DGD- and SOC-treated. DGD is a safe and effective method of burn debridement that offers an alternative to surgical and non-surgical SOC.
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| 275 |
CRUSH SYNDROME CHEZ L'ADULTE ET PROBLEMATIQUE DE SA PRISE EN CHARGE A LA PHASE AIGUË
(Hemou P.F., Sama H.D., Tchétikè P., Potkar T.)
Le crush syndrome se définit comme l'ensemble des manifestations locales et générales secondaires à une rhabdomyolyse traumatique avec ischémie de grosses masses musculaires par compression prolongée, à l'origine d'un syndrome compartimental ou syndrome des loges. Rarement isolé, il peut passer inaperçu dans les 24 à 48 premières heures de la phase aiguë d'un traumatisme sévère quand les principales préoccupations médicales sont la sauvegarde des fonctions vitales. La souffrance musculaire liée au syndrome compartimental entraîne la libération de myoglobine dans la circulation générale. La précipitation de la myoglobine dans les tubules rénaux est un facteur de tubulopathie, s'ajoutant à l'atteinte ischémique éventuelle, concomitante du traumatisme initial. Il s'ensuit une insuffisance rénale aiguë avec, entre autres, acidose et hyperkaliémie. Le crush syndrome constitue une urgence médico-chirurgicale, récurrente et d'actualité lors des catastrophes, mettant en exergue tous les problèmes de prise en charge de ce syndrome. Le remplissage précoce et important, vise à restaurer et maintenir une normovolémie et un débit urinaire de 1 à 2 ml/kg/h, en s'aidant au besoin de diurétiques et de bicarbonate afin d'éviter l'émission d'urines acides, dans le but d'éviter la précipitation de myoglobine et l'apparition de l'insuffisance rénale. Si celle-ci survient, l'usage précoce de l'Épuration Extra Rénale (EER « prophylactique ») peut permettre une réalimentation rapide, adaptée au traumatisme initial ou de nécessité en vue d'une alimentation équilibrée. La levée chirurgicale (aponévrotomie) de la compression musculo-vasculo-nerveuse est une urgence vitale pour le membre concerné. Le syndrome de revascularisation lors de la décompression (par levée de garrot ou post chirurgicale) peut entraîner un arrêt cardiaque irréversible par hyperkaliémie sur terrain hypovolémique et choqué.
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| 280 |
BURN INJURIES AND SOFT TISSUE TRAUMAS COMPLICATED BY MUCORMYCOSIS INFECTION: A REPORT OF SIX CASES AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
(Kyriopoulos E.J., Kyriakopoulos A., Karonidis A., Gravvanis A., Gamatsi I., Tsironis C., Tsoutsos D.)
Mucor fungus infection is a rare opportunistic infection, rapidly progressive and often fatal in immunocompromised patients, or in patients with chronic debilitating diseases. We report six cases of trauma patients with mucormycosis. Three had severe thermal burns, one of them with a medical history of diabetes mellitus. The other three patients suffered from severe soft tissue injuries caused by traffic accidents. In all cases there had been spontaneous exposure and contact of the wounds with soil. During hospitalization, fungi cultures and/or biopsies of all wounds were performed and all resulted positive. The patients were treated with Amphotericin B (AmB) and surgical debridement. Two of them died and the other four were fully healed and discharged. Mucormycosis should be considered in any case of aggressive skin tissue necrosis with a history of soiled wounds. We suggest that mucormycosis is treated by intravenous and local administration of AmB, extensive and repeated debridement and cautious coverage of the wound. The plastic surgeon must wait for negative swab cultures and biopsies before covering the defects with skin grafts or flaps. Reconstruction may be challenging, depending on the extent, depth, location and special indications of the affected site and the donor site availability.
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| 288 |
BENEFITS OF AN OUTREACH EDUCATION COORDINATOR: A BURN CENTER'S EXPERIENCE
(Hollowed K.A., Travis T.E., Jordan M.H., Shupp J.W.)
Education of first responders and referring medical professionals is considered vital to high-quality burn care. Prior to 1999, the community education program at The Burn Center of MedStar Washington Hospital Center (MWHC) was staffed by ICU nurses who volunteered their time. As the program became more popular in the mid-1990s, the requests for lectures exceeded the capacity of a volunteer program. A request to hospital administration for a full-time education coordinator position was rejected in the climate of budget cut-backs and declining reimbursement. A business-oriented proposal, ultimately accepted, promised an increase in admissions, an improved payor mix, and an annual review of data to demonstrate the cost/benefit advantage. To advertise the creation of the coordinator position and education programs, letters were mailed to local fire departments, nursing schools and emergency departments. The response was positive, and, with a full-time coordinator, the requests were accommodated in a timely manner. Community education programs increased almost four-fold. Average annual admissions increased initially from 292 to 374 and have continued to increase, rising to 812 in fiscal year 2008. As expected, the average percent total body surface area burns decreased (from 10.8% to 6.9%), reflecting increased referral of smaller burns and, inferentially and per analysis, an improved payor mix. Most impressive was the increase in charitable donations, from an annual average of $27,500 before the position was created to an average of $183,000 annually thereafter. From this experience as well as the experience discovered by a national survey, there are desirable side effects of a full-time community burn education program coordinator, and the cost for The Burn Center at MWHC has been more than balanced by the benefits.
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| 296 |
35ÈME CONGRÈS SFB, TABLE RONDE «NUTRITION»: TRANSCRIPTION DES COMMUNICATIONS
(Ravat F., Le Floch R.)
Chaque année, le congrès de la SFB est l'occasion d'une mise au point sur un thème (« table ronde ».) Celui choisi en 2015 était la nutrition. Huit orateurs se sont succédés, faisant le point sur les données actuelles de la science, les pratiques dans les centres, et les recommandations actuelles, datant de 2013. Cet article se propose de diffuser les interventions.
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| 310 |
FINANCIAL BURDEN OF BURN INJURIES IN IRAN: A REPORT FROM THE BURN REGISTRY PROGRAM
(Karimi H., Motevalian S.A., Momeni M., Ghadarjani M.)
Understanding the cost of burn treatment is very important for patients, their families, governmental authorities and insurance companies. It alleviates patient and familial stress, provides a framework for better use of resources, and facilitates better performance between burn centers. Hospital burn costs can provide a basis for authorities to budget for acute burn treatment, for further management of chronic complications, and for planning prevention and public educational programs in Iran. To identify costs we used data from our burn registry program. Over the two-year assessment period, we treated roughly 28,700 burn patients, 1,721 of whom were admitted, with a mortality rate of 5.9%. The male to female ratio was 1.7:1 (63% male; 37% female). Flame burns were most frequent (49.8%) followed by scalds (35.7%). Mean hospital stay was 14.41 days (range 0-64 days). Mean TBSA was 17.39%. Skin grafts were carried out in 65.4% of the patients, with a mean of 5.2 surgeries per patient. The total cost of all patient admissions over the two years was US$ 4,835,000. The maximum treatment cost for one patient was US$ 91,000. The mean cost per patient was US$ 2,810 (29,500,000 Rials). The mean cost for each percent of burn was US$ 162. The mean cost for a one-day stay in hospital was US$ 195. The mean cost of each operation was US$ 540. Patients who contracted infections endured longer hospital stays, meaning increased costs of US$ 195 per day. With comparable outcome and results, the cost of burn treatment in Iran is cheaper than in the US and Europe.
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